Tuesday, December 31, 2019
Film Review of Braveheart Essay - 677 Words
Film Review of Braveheart Mel Gibson has reached an acting pinnacle, at least so far, with Braveheart. It is an epic movie that is loosely based on historic events in Scotland. All the performances were great and the cinematography was superb. The film covers the life of William Wallace from the time he is a small boy, when his Father dies, to his own death. The movie is set mostly in 13th Century Scotland, the storys backdrop is William Wallace’s struggle against the unjust rule of the English King, Longshanks, and how he gets almost the entire country of Scotland to back him up in his struggle for freedom. After the death of his Father at the hands of the English, William is raised by his uncle who, being a great†¦show more content†¦Then, with the help of an adjacent clan, Wallace goes on to tear down the local Lords temporary castle. Meanwhile King Longshanks is distracted by his war with France and allows his week son an opportunity to prove himself by bringing Wallace to English justice. The sons ineptness soon leads to full scale battle. A situation that requires the support of the Scottish Lords, an infighting self interested bunch of old men. On the occasion of the first major battle, Wallace is able to convince three Lords into helping. Through the use of some brilliant tactics he successfully defeats the English forces and his legend grows to new heights. Wallaces successes continue often hampered by betrayal from the Scottish Lords and the treachery of the English King. He finds love again, loses many good friends and eventually finds peace at the hands of the English interrogators. He is brought before a court and told to confess to treason. He refuses. He is given the choice to confess and have a quick and painless death or to die a slow and painful public death. He remains silent. The next day Wallace is brought out into the public square where he will be publicly executed. He goes through a series of tortures such as being stretched, and drawn and quartered. But probably the most graphic torture of all is then he is â€Å"gutted†and the torture won’t stop until he says,Show MoreRelatedFilm Review : Braveheart And The Cat In The Hat777 Words  | 4 Pagesas the best and worst films I have encountered and these movies are Braveheart (the best) and The Cat in The Hat (the worst). After struggling to recall all the amazing films I’ve been exposed to, I’ve concluded that the best film I’ve ever seen was Braveheart. The film was directed by the iconic Mel Gibson, who also plays the leading role of the legendary thirteenth century Scottish hero William Wallace, alongside the talented Sophie Marceau and Brendan Gleeson. In the film, after suffering bothRead MoreThe Scottish and International Film Industrys Contribution to the Development of Scottish Identity in the Last Part of the Twentieth Century1302 Words  | 6 PagesThe Scottish and International Film Industrys Contribution to the Development of Scottish Identity in the Last Part of the Twentieth Century When people hear the word Scotland there is, as said by C McArthur (2003:59)Diverse images and narratives right down to particular words and phrases that immediately come into their head. These images may it be of tartan, misty landscapes, bagpipes or castles contribute to how Scotland is portrayed and create what is known as a Scottish Read MoreBraveheart: the Worst Film for Best Picture3877 Words  | 16 PagesThesis Mel Gibson’s Braveheart is routinely named in polls of film critics as the worst movie ever to have won the Academy Award for best picture, and it is easy to see why. The acting in the film ranges from the blandly unmemorable to the mortifying. Negligible as Scottish history, but it is undeniably a political film. Gibson clearly did not intend to venture into a political debateâ€â€the film is structurally and visually standard Hollywood fare, a costume drama of the sort normally consideredRead MoreSummary Of Edison Vs. Tesla Electric Boogaloo898 Words  | 4 PagesEdison vs. Tesla Electric Boogaloo In the movie industry, historical drama films are always a big topic. There have been many movies written on history, such as Titanic, Braveheart and Argo, each capturing an important, war, breakthrough, conflict or invention. The newest historical drama The Current War fits these molds. In the latest historical drama, The Current War, a movie exploring the invention of Thomas Edison’s light bulb and direct current, along with the competition between Edison andRead MoreMovie Review: We Were Soldiers Essay1368 Words  | 6 PagesMovie Review: We Were Soldiers We all like to take a time out and sit down with our loved ones, and watch a heart touching movie every once in a while. What we dont do is actually take time to really focus and understand completely what the point of the movie is or what it is trying to get across to the audience. I was able to take time and sit down, and enjoy and evaluate the movie, We Were Soldiers. I was able to come to the conclusion that it is a very accurate movie, give or take a few factsRead MoreInfluence Of Medieval Literature On Modern Films1169 Words  | 5 PagesClairerencia Hudson Mrs. Morris English 12- 6th period 1 December 2016 The Influence of Medieval Romantic Literature on Modern films Does medieval romantic literature influence how modern films are made? Romantic literature started during the mid-12th Century (â€Å"Romance,†par.1). Medieval romances are stories and plays in which kings, knights, and damsels in distress go on some sort of adventure (from Sir Gawain and the Green Knight from Morte d’ Arthur). In addition, medieval romances consistRead MoreEnron What Happened10876 Words  | 44 Pageslaborious at times), supplemented with additional material that became available after publication of the Report, should provide the reader with insight into how Enron sought to bend the accounting rules to their advantage. However, even a cursory review of this section will give the reader a sense of the complex ï ¬ nancing structures that Enron used in an attempt to create various ï ¬ nancing, tax, and accounting advantages. Andersen’s total fees were $46.8 million in 1999, $38 million in 2000, and betweenRead MoreThe Internal and External Business Environment of Paddy Power4215 Words  | 17 Pagesidentity and employee training for vigilance which they refer to as Think 21 policy (Paddy Power, 2014). 2.1.2c Rob Keane’s Lawsuit Keane against Paddy Power filed a lawsuit on Monday, 6th July 2015 for mocking him up as Williams Wallace from the film Braveheart on a match-day billboard. The Republic of Ireland assistant manager claimed Paddy Power breached his constitutional rights with â€Å"crude and vulgar ad†. (Paul, 2015) (Faolain, 2015) Source: Paul Sharp He also seeks various orders including injunctions
Monday, December 23, 2019
CLEAN AND SOBER Essay - 795 Words
Clean and Sober was a movie about a guy name Darryl who was a drug and alcohol addict. The movie started out as him waking up beside a naked woman, then he started snorting cocaine, cocaine can give you hallucinations. When he was trying to wake up the woman, the woman was not budging, meaning she’s dead- overdosed with cocaine and this was the conflict of the story, and also he was running away from his boss because he took a great amount of money in their company and invested it on stocks and he lost it all. He went up to his friends and asked for some money so he could go far away, but no one helped him. The problem of dealing with this is a stress for him, now he has got to think of a plan where he could go away and not spend any†¦show more content†¦When his co-worker visited him on the hospital to discuss about his debt, Darryl explained to him what happened with the girl, and he defend himself saying that it was the girl who offered him the cocaine, this is rat ionalization. Through the time, Darryl was connecting with a girl named Charlie in the hospital. By the end of their time in the hospital, Darryl was intended to straighten out his life. Along with Charlie because he might have fallen for her or it’s because he wants to help her. He went to Charlie’s house and he ended up taking dinner with her and with her partner. Her partner was not a help to Charlie because he was smoking marijuana (a psychedelic drug) in front of her. Darryl invited Charlie for a dinner and asked her to live with her and leave her partner. When Charlie was talking to her partner over the phone, instead of saying that she will leave him because he was a bad influence, she ended up saying that she’ll go home immediately. This can be considered as reaction formation meaning that she didn’t mean what she said because maybe she was just threatened by her partner or maybe because she’s been with him for so long and she can’t imagine any other life without him in it. Darryl kept pursuing Charlie and eventually Charlie gave in. But then few days later, Charlie’s partner went toShow MoreRelatedSocial Work Observation Paper974 Words  | 4 Pagesstage, they have worked through the experiences of problem-solving, there is an increase in the validation of feelings and acceptance from each other (Hepworth et al., 2017, 2013). Group members share a common understanding of struggling to remain sober. Acknowledgement and appreciation is shown when a member shares how they have applied the twelve-steps to work through problems. The final step of separation involves tying up loose ends, finalizing a solution or plan (Hepworth et al., 2017, 2013Read MoreAdolescent and Family Systems Paper2622 Words  | 11 Pagesnot equal strength. People should not be ashamed to talk about their life story, Nic Sheff explained that â€Å"[He’s] come to discover that holding on to secrets about who [he is] and where [he came] from is toxic. [His] secrets will kill [him]†(Sheff, N., 2009, p.322). These novels have challenged society’s â€Å"hush, hush†mentality about addiction, and have brought an intimate insight into how addicts and families of addicts think and feel. This information will greatly change addiction treatment, therapyRead MoreThe Effect of Amercan Wars on the Societal Views of Women965 Words  | 4 Pagesof the war, a secret organization called the Sons and Daughters of Liberty was formed to combat the injustices that the British were inflicting. This group was comprised of both men and women, none of whom were ridiculed because of their gender (Doc. D). During the war itself, women also acted as spies for the Americans and risked their lives in order to further our army’s opportunities. At the conclusion of the war, women such as Abigail Adams, invigorated by the outcome, spoke to her husband, JohnRead MoreGeoffrey Canada and the Harlem Childrens Zone Essay1672 Words  | 7 Pagesprograms give families access to, â€Å"mental health service professionals who collaborate with case workers to support therapeutic interventions,†(Harlem children, 2009). Another opportunity for families struggling with sober living is Project CLASS (Clean Living and Staying Sober) which was important to Canada especially after seeing the havoc that alcoholism wreaked on his own home and the crack epidemic that destroyed his community in the 80s and 90s (Tough, 2008). The above are direct examplesRead MoreJesus Miracle1383 Words  | 6 Pagessee the good and divine power of Jesus. The stone water jars that the servants are told to fill with water are a symbol of purification. The jars are used for ceremonial washing for the Jews such as washing hands. The water within these jars is clean and pure to signify the cleansing of the body and soul. The jars are described in detail within the story; this is to draw attention to the extravagance of the miracle, the transformation of water into wine. The fact that the jars were alreadyRead MoreMental Health Case Study7435 Words  | 30 Pagesshe refused. Later on, she agreed to have the paramedics take her to SNAMHS and was admitted on 9/22/2010. Mental Health Assessment: General Observations LS appeared clean although her hair was untamed. Her clothes were clean but her oversized shirt was hanging off of her shoulder and her teeth appeared crooked, but clean. She had full range of motion, good posture, and appeared overweight. At first, she appeared to be in her late thirties or early forties; this is relative to her actual ageRead MoreNative Americans a Marginalized Population2911 Words  | 12 PagesWe were constantly playing sports. Basketball was my life back then. It kept me straight and kept me sober. That was after a few stumbles with marijuana and alcohol when I was about fourteen and fifteen. That didn’t last long. Mom caught me and set me straight. That was a tough point in my life. At that age of fourteen I watched my grandmother die of a heart attack. I made a decision to stay clean and do well in school and basketball for her. O. Zephier (personal communication, November 13, 2011)Read MoreOrthodox House Warming4539 Words  | 19 PagesCelebran t, who is conducting the service, must stand behind it. Now it is time to start the house warming ceremony) ir Ck Jdgn cau; Qgk SaCSaH Qgk dkgjCk; g!k d\jv saqkdkfjgj uk; Qgk elYf\jH ilq[\j Ck Jdgjv[ fxj)lrk= si=ik; djq)k emj lyluj ir\jsRy ] ik; cOdgUak= ÃÅ'lr\k siu[)kd. CkYCo rm\lrk= ekSgl|jfR KXs/sm th^ligk; Tfjrk ej#jhluj rjH)k d. TS/lX irilq[i[ :glPr fkm*lrk= caualuj HOUSE WARMING KAUMA CELEBRANT: In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, one true God:Read MoreThe Biblical Perspectives of Crime4108 Words  | 16 Pagestheir time in productive ways and avoid bad influences and the lure of gangs where they may be encouraged to commit crime. Some communities use monetary incentives for those who turn in guns or report criminal offenders. Still others, use efforts to clean up communities demolishing abandoned buildings, organizing neighborhood watch programs, increasing police presence, planting community gardens, removing litter, and improving noise and air pollution which have been shown to help thwart crime (MansfieldRead MoreAccident Avoidance Course6384 Words  | 26 PagesTERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE SECTION III – PRESENTATION A. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE A B. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE B C. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE C SECTION IV –  SUMMARY SECTION V – STUDENT EVALUATION Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D 3 4 4 6 7 8 8 12 15 25 26 27 28 29 30 Appendix E                                                                                                                                                          31 2 PREFACE Thi
Sunday, December 15, 2019
Summary of the Article “All Fired Up-Tapping The Rockies†by Mitchell Free Essays
The article ‘All fired up-Tapping the Rockies’ by John G. Mitchell appeared in July 2005 issue of National Geographic. It is an interesting commentary on energy development initiatives that are being planned for Rocky mountain region in Wyoming. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of the Article â€Å"All Fired Up-Tapping The Rockies†by Mitchell or any similar topic only for you Order Now The article identifies five important locations in Rocky Mountains that have been selected by the government for energy exploration. The Bureau of Land Management controls these regions and can lease them out for energy development when the right time comes. Already, Pinedale mesa has seen aggressive gas and energy development activities which have dented the beautiful landscape to a large extent. The area is laced with pipelines and there are already 500 wells that BLM plans to use for natural gas extraction purposes. The number of wells is likely to rise to more than 3,000 soon. It must be made clear that if all these regions are fully exploited, it can cause serious harm to the environment and for this reason, there is a provision in Bush administration’s 2001 National energy policy report that indicates that 40 percent of natural gas resources found in Rocky Mountains will not be used because of environmental concerns. But opponents put the figures at 12 percent. It is interesting that while BLM is proposing more aggressive exploration, it has not yet fully exploited the existing leased natural gas resources. Out of close to 46,000 leases nationwide, only half were producing anything while the rest were lying idle. Why lease more land when the existing leases are not being utilized properly. Throughout this region, two types of natural gas are being targeted: tight sands gas and coal bed methane (CBM). The Powder River Basin is rich with CBM resources but extracting the gas is more costly than sands gas even though drilling costs much less. The extraction problem is also aggravated because of the water that comes out during exploration. This water has to be safely disposed off but it is highly saline and can thus cause damage to land and crops. While the officials might come up with many benefits that they feel would accrue to landowners with this kind of exploitation, the residents of the region do not agree with them. People believe that due to lack of water, the area has become unlivable. Montana’s Rocky Mountain Front is another area rich in natural resources but it is less vulnerable than other parts because owners have rights to mineral under their land. However if aggressive energy developments efforts are started in this region, even these owners will be forced to allow vehicular access to neighboring wells along with pipelines and drill pads. People are furious with BLM’s inability and lack of commitment to provide safer environment. Some ranchers in San Juan Basin complain that their region has become unfit for cattle because of the wells. Land erosion and pollution have made the environment hostile to cattle. The article speaks against government’s energy policies and explains the environmental damages that would result due to unmitigated use of land for energy exploration. People have complained of government’s failure to take into consideration environmental safeguards which has made living harder. Water resources are being brutally exploited for gas exploration when it is desperately required by the residents to meet their daily consumption needs. How to cite Summary of the Article â€Å"All Fired Up-Tapping The Rockies†by Mitchell, Essay examples
Saturday, December 7, 2019
1984 Success Essay Example For Students
1984 Success Essay Success is the main object of desire for many people in the world of today. In George Orwells 1984, the author provides a speculative view to the future and brilliantly describes what would happen if ultimate success was attainable. George Orwell describes success in three extremes: those who succeed ultimately, those who fail miserably, and those who are neither capable of succeeding nor failing. In 1984, the success of the individual is forbidden, while the success of the Inner Party is ultimate. The Inner Party resembled a group of aristocrats. They ruled the country and all the people in it. They made up a figurehead for themselves, Big Brother, who was almost like a god. Everyone worshiped him because they made it look like he was the one who did everything that was good. The members of the Inner Party had complete and undoubted success because they achieved and maintained their goal, which was to become the most powerful people in the country and stay that way. They did many things to achieve this, including creating an imaginary evil force, known as the Brotherhood, which planned to overthrow them. They used this Brotherhood; to blame all the bad things on and make Big Brother (and through him, themselves) look good by fighting against this evil force;. The Inner Party was not happy with only physical obedience, they wanted complete obedience, including the human mind. They didnt want people to think for themselves, because then they might plot to overthrow the Inner Par ty. They controlled the general populations minds by involving them in many verbal demonstrations, such as hate week, which downplayed the Brotherhood and made Big Brother look good. They also had telescreens in every building that allowed them to spy on the people and make sure that they didnt do anything that might be harmful to their control. When they found someone who was a traitor, and wanted to disobey or overthrow Big Brother, they didnt just punish them, they converted them:We are not content with negative obedience, nor even with the most abject submission. When finally you surrender to us, it must be of your own free will. We do not destroy the heretic because he resists us: so long as he resists us we never destroy him. We convert him, we capture his inner mind, we reshape him. We burn all evil and all illusion out of him; we bring him over to our side, not in appearance, but genuinely, heart and soul. We make him one of ourselves before we kill him. From this quote we see that they ensured their own complete success. They didnt just persecute or punish their enemies, they turned them into supporters of their own cause. The success of the general population, when compared to the Inner Party, was the opposite. They could not think for themselves. All they could do is what the Inner Party wanted them to. They were watched constantly and converted then killed; if they tried to go against the Inner Party. Their own personal success was forbidden. The degree of their mind control was so great that they didnt even know what happened a few days ago. The Inner Party would alter history so that they were never wrong:It appeared that there had even been demonstrations to thank Big Brother for raising the chocolate ration to twenty grammes a week. And only yesterday, he reflected, it had been announced that the ration was to be reduced to twenty grammes a week. The example is clear: no one ever questioned what the Inner Party (through Big Brother) said. It was impossible for them to think on their own and have dreams or wishes; therefore, they were not capable of succeeding or failing. .ubb7f777c569e5b5b2f0fa535d2400186 , .ubb7f777c569e5b5b2f0fa535d2400186 .postImageUrl , .ubb7f777c569e5b5b2f0fa535d2400186 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubb7f777c569e5b5b2f0fa535d2400186 , .ubb7f777c569e5b5b2f0fa535d2400186:hover , .ubb7f777c569e5b5b2f0fa535d2400186:visited , .ubb7f777c569e5b5b2f0fa535d2400186:active { border:0!important; } .ubb7f777c569e5b5b2f0fa535d2400186 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubb7f777c569e5b5b2f0fa535d2400186 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubb7f777c569e5b5b2f0fa535d2400186:active , .ubb7f777c569e5b5b2f0fa535d2400186:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubb7f777c569e5b5b2f0fa535d2400186 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubb7f777c569e5b5b2f0fa535d2400186 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubb7f777c569e5b5b2f0fa535d2400186 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubb7f777c569e5b5b2f0fa535d2400186 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubb7f777c569e5b5b2f0fa535d2400186:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubb7f777c569e5b5b2f0fa535d2400186 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubb7f777c569e5b5b2f0fa535d2400186 .ubb7f777c569e5b5b2f0fa535d2400186-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubb7f777c569e5b5b2f0fa535d2400186:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Deregul;Ation Of The Electrical Industry EssayWinston was different from the rest of the general population. He still had control of his own mind. He hated Big Brother and the Inner Party. He wanted to help the revolution so he joined the Brotherhood. He knew it would only be a matter of time before someone found out that he was against the party. He knew that he would be converted; and then killed. In the end, he found out that he had been tricked, and the people that he had trusted were really spies for Inner Party (also known as Thought Police). He was taken to the Ministry of Love, where he was tortured and brain washed to the point where he really did believe in Big B rother. He had failed. His dreams of escaping the rule of the party were impossible now. He had been converted, just like everyone else, and was no longer capable of thinking on his own. He had won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother.;The Inner Party worked hard to ensure that they had ultimate success while controlling everyone else to the point where they were not capable of succeeding or failing. George Orwell wrote 1984 as a prediction of the future. As such, we should take it as a warning. With all the advertising on the radio, TV, billboards, etc., we are essentially being brainwashed. We must fight to keep our rights and limit what the advertisers can do to us, especially children, who are more likely to believe everything that they see or hear. The next time that you see a TV commercial that is too forceful or deceptive, will you do something about it?
Friday, November 29, 2019
A good man is hard to find free essay sample
Flannery O’Connor? s book A Good Man Is Hard To Find, is composed of several short stories, one of which takes the tittle of the book. In this story the author, with the characters, the Grandmother, the protagonist, and the Misfit, the antagonist, exposes some ideas, by their behavior, also some symbols and some biblical ideas. In the story the author deal with the idea of â€Å"good†in different ways trying to show that only, because of being a â€Å"good man†doesn’t mean to be â€Å"moral†person. She represents most of these ideas by the character of the grandmother, who had, with the Misfit, a big role in the story becoming the two of them the major characters of the story. The grandmother represents a woman that thinks she is morally higher, she never thinks she can be wrong doesn’t seeing her hypocrisy and selfishness, until the point that she lies to her family about the location of a place, or lying to a children about a panel. We will write a custom essay sample on A good man is hard to find or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For the grandmother a person that is a â€Å"good man†is that one that has the same thoughts as her, for example for the grandmother the Misfit a â€Å"good man†because she thinks that man couldn’t shoot a lady. The role of the lady is important because it appears since the beginning to the end of the story, just in the first pages of the story when the author shows what the grandmother wears for the journey: â€Å"†¦, but the grandmother had on a navy blue straw sailor hat with bunch of white violets on the brim and a navy blue dress with a small white dot in the print. Her collars and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. In case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at one that she was a lady. †This last part of this fragment of the story represents really well the thoughts of the grandmother. The fact of the grandmother dressing to be identified if they have an accident anyone can recognized her, can be an previous event of the final part of the story, were the grandmother is killed by the Misfit, like if she had seen it before that that’s the day were she was going to die. The only thought of the grandmother of being a lady makes her expresses her selfishness because she only thinks that the most important thing is that she looks like a lady, also thinking she is superior only because of that, â€Å" â€Å"Jesus!†, the old lady cried. â€Å"You have good blood! I know you wouldn’t shoot a lady! I know you come from nice people! Pray! Jesus, you ought not shoot a lady. I? ll give you all the money I? ve got! †. In the last part of the story you can see how the thoughts of the grandmother change completely when she realizes her own thinking and the errors she was committing, that’s only when she was facing the death just in front of her. She realizes that she is not as superior as she thought and that she can be treated like the other people, doesn’t matter if you are a lady or not â€Å"Why you are one of my babies. You are one of my own children! †and now when she can see the others at the same level as hers. But this moment of realization of this truth that open her mind and â€Å"open moral†it’s just followed by her death. In the story is also represented the idea of Grace, by the two characters, because they receive the Grace of God. The Misfit is a person that not seems to be the perfect persons to receive moral guidance or Grace, but is a person that has already look all the errors and actions he has done all over his life and try to find a way to learn about them. One this actions and lesson is simply his name, that he has renamed himself because he thinks the punishment they gave him for his action wasn’t the correct for that crime. Contrary to the Grandmother the Misfit knows he is not the best man in the world, but he also knows that there are others that are worse than him. With this the idea of Grace is presented in this story as a way in which almost people like the Grandmother or the Misfit can be saved by God. For example, the Grace come to the old lady just at the final of the story when she is going to day that she can clear her mind, just before she dies. It can be thought that the Misfit is not going to receive any Grace because he had already said â€Å"No pleasure but meanness†, but God bring him the opportunity to change. In conclusion, this story treats the idea of the moral and the good in a way in which people think they know about the idea of grace and God but they don’t really have any idea and they try to convince other about it. The grace is not something that you can teach because is something that is in us and only God can teach us or give it to us. The moral is something that we acquire with the time and with our experience through our life, because the moral is something that is in us and you have to look at it, being capable to see your actions and change with the lessons your learn from that experience so us to be a moral person. The story try to explain us that God is the one that give us the good way in this life doesn’t matter if you are a â€Å"lady†or you are a misfit, because God doesn’t care about the condition of the people and he is the one that can see the good of each person and because of that forgive them.
Monday, November 25, 2019
ADDIE Model of Instructional Design Research Paper Example
ADDIE Model of Instructional Design Research Paper Example ADDIE Model of Instructional Design Paper ADDIE Model of Instructional Design Paper The ADDIE model of instructional design is one of the oldest models used by instructors. Classical in nature, the model is widely considered as systematic and rigid, following a step by step process in designing an instructional strategy. A-D-D-I-E stands for the five stage process in instructional design, each of which builds up on the step prior to it. The steps are interrelated, making it necessary to strictly follow the order in developing an instructional design. The first stage in the ADDIE model is analysis. During this stage, instructors or program developers carefully evaluate the problem or the learning deficiency that the instructional design aims to address. It also identifies the goals and the objectives of the instructional program including the instructional needs of the audience compared to their existing knowledge. It also considers the learning environment as well as the environment of where the learning will be implemented or applied. All these factors are necessary and are highly important to be evaluated critically in order to develop an instructional program that would greatly address the specific purpose why an instructional program should be developed in the first place. The second stage is design. During this stage, the learning objectives and training methodologies are carefully crafted based on the factors identified and analyzed in the first step. This step outlines the specific learning styles and the methodologies that should be implemented. The third stage is development, during which, the actual content of the learning materials are developed. This is also the time when the content of the learning module is completed, which will be used during the next stage. The fourth stage is implementation, the application of the developed learning materials to the actual instructional process. The last stage in the ADDIE instructional design is evaluation. During this phase, the quality and effectiveness of the instructional program is being assessed for future reference. The result of the evaluation will then be used as basis in deciding whether the same instructional design can be used for future programs or if it needs to be developed or revised. Evaluation can be done either formative, where each stage are evaluated as developed, or summative, where a structured test is designed based on identified criteria and user feedback are collected. Ideally, the ADDIE instructional design allows the development of a well-analyzed and well-planned instructional. Reference: Dick, W., Carey, L. (1996). The Systematic Design of Instruction (4th Ed.). New York: Haper Collins College Publishers.
Friday, November 22, 2019
Trusts, Gifts and Estates term paper (ANY TOPIC) Essay
Trusts, Gifts and Estates term paper (ANY TOPIC) - Essay Example This results to the preservation of a harmonious familial relationship and the achievement of several financial benefits such as the creation of cash reserves and the after-tax income available. According to Brown and Myers (2008), it is important to underscore that the primary objective of all family estate planning is to provide psychological and financial security by obtaining â€Å"the maximum benefits of principal and income for the family and to pass on the family property intact (i.e. without losses)†(23). The last will and testament is an excellent example of estate planning and administration. There is also the case the revocable living trust. Both of these are popular choices for people seeking to manage and administer their assets and properties. This paper will explore why the revocable living trust can prove to be more beneficial for everyone than the last will and testament. Background The last will and testament or more generally known as the will is a legal do cument that provides the disposition of assets and properties. Simply put, in case of death, the ownership of a property is transferred according to the terms of the will of the deceased, the terms that document his desires particularly in the distribution of his estate and assets (Wardle and Nolan, 1042). Gau (2004) provided another definition, which states that it is â€Å"an expression of a person’s wishes for the disposition of property and the protection of loved ones at the time of the maker’s death†(7). The US legal framework considers the use of will as a developmental offshoot of basic estate planning, that one with the simple goal of planning for death (Wardle and Nolan, 1039-1043). It was further provided that the impetus for the development of wills was the need for federal estate tax planning for death and lifetime transfers (1039-1040). Baker wrote that the key is to keep it up to date because a clearly defined will could be the best piece of lega l work that one could have that can be used to honor one’s wishes and in defining the family’s futures (52). She also stressed that the will is a reliable backup to a trust in the estate planning process, in addition to several conditions, which she has listed such as: The fact that there are properties that are better left in a will; Money such as lottery winning can be distributed after death through a will and as a component of an estate plan; Parents with minor children. The will can name the guardian and the administrator of assets and properties before the children reach legal age; The appointment of an executor; and Disinheriting a person (Baker, 53-54). There are many other instances where the will is indispensable. It is important for people interested to draft their own wills to consult an estate planning professional or an estate planning team. The process may be simple, but there is a requirement to be thorough, clear and detailed so that the documented wou ld not be invalidated, contested and misinterpreted. It is also important to highlight that if assets are to be transferred through a will, the maker is necessarily deceased. The utility of the will as explained in this section does not mean that there are no other alternatives. There are several others that people prefer because it is more beneficial or that it is aligned with their own estate planning objectives. The Revocable Living Trust
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Design of an Induction Programme for New Employees on the Magnificant Essay
Design of an Induction Programme for New Employees on the Magnificant miniaturesLline - Essay Example In these situation CRU Proposed to select thirty employees for the special miniature product line. So to solve this human resource management related problems and to place Right people at Right place CRU appointed an HR consultant. As an HR consultant responsible for designing employee recruitment and selection systems is the prime responsibility. After all, attracting and hiring the right kind and level of talent are critical elements of business effectiveness. Stocking a company with top talent has been described as the single most important job of management (Hand, 2002). Now before recruitment starts, HR consultant has to assess the labor supply and demand, when planning starts. In the process of Human resource planning, any wrong estimation can lead to significant financial costs. So first of all labor supply and demand has to be properly estimated. In the present case, where CRU need more workers that will be available. So CRU has to take the approach includes, training and retraining of existing workers, grooming current employees to take over vacant positions (succession planning), promoting from within, recruiting new employees from outside of the firm, subcontracting part of the work to other firms, h iring part-timers or temporary workers and paying overtime to existing employees, which approach or approaches are appropriate will depend on their relative costs and how long the labour shortage is expected to last. For instance, if demand exceeds supply by only a small amount and this situation is deemed temporary, paying overtime may be less expensive than hiring new workers, which entails extra costs for training and legally mandated benefits (such as social security payments and workers compensation insurance) (Gomez-Mejia, Luis R., Balkim, Dravid B. & Cardy, Robert L., 2004). Now if we see the CRU, we find that labor demand is more than supply. CRU has 500 employees and they need to recruit only 30 persons.Â
Monday, November 18, 2019
United Nations and International Human Rights Essay
United Nations and International Human Rights - Essay Example The protection of these rights by the UN however has been criticized as inadequate and inefficient, especially with reports of human rights violations by international as well as private actors and parties. This paper shall discuss the effectiveness of the UN in the protection of human rights. Specifically, the UN’s effectiveness in ensuring the people’s freedom from torture and oppression shall be evaluated in this paper, with particular reference to relevant case and incidents in the international scene. Body The United Nations was established in 1945 in order to establish and ensure international cooperation and coordination in the resolution of economic, political, social, as well as humanitarian issues; it was also established to ensure that respect is allocated for human rights and that freedom of all individuals regardless of their race, gender, religion, and language is protected1. In order to specifically establish the principles in the protection of human righ ts, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted in 1948. Through this declaration, various standards and norms for the protection of human rights norms have been established2. However, even with these declarations, serious human rights violations have been seen in various parts of the globe. ... In 2006, the Human Rights Council replaced the Commission of Human Rights4. This council as well as the treaty passed established obligations for states to implement in their own lands in order to support the international mandates. From such show of support, the first steps towards the effective implementation of these treaties were already considered. The Rwanda Genocide in 1994 led to the deaths of 800,000 Rwandans in the span of 100 days5. Years of conflict between the Hutu tribes and the Tutsi population in Rwanda culminated into 100 days of torture and killing in the country. The country was plunged into a political and economic crisis upon the death of the Hutu President Habyarimana in 1994 and his death served as the spur for the killing of Tutsis by the Hutus6. The Tutsis were targeted in an effort to cleanse the Rwandan population7. In the midst of the civilian killings, the UN withdrew its forces from Rwanda, thereby allowing the genocide and human rights violations to per sist8. The UN was in the perfect position to protect the human rights of the Rwandans, but it did not protect such position. It seemed to appear that the UN was more concerned about suffering another failed attempt at peacekeeping, considering its recent experience of failure in Somalia9. As a result of its prudence, hundreds more would die in Rwanda. Freedom from torture and cruel treatment is considered an absolute right, one which is protected by moral laws and unspoken mandates10. Barnett argues further that the UN bears the responsibility of the Rwandan Genocide11. The UN was in the right position to manage the Rwandan crisis in a way that would have made it possible for the Security Council to consider intervention and entry into the
Saturday, November 16, 2019
The importance of strategic information
The importance of strategic information Abstract In a global marketplace, information has emerged as an agent and enabler of new competitiveness for todays enterprise. However the paradigm of strategic planning changes sufficiently to support the new role of information and technology. The question is, are changes can support the new role of information and technology and what is the relationship between strategic information system planning with the development database in an organization. Therefore, the development of strategic information system planning is importance in an organization. Strategic information system planning (SISP) is the process of creating a portfolio based on the use of information system in order to achieve organizational goals and objectives. Within SISP, organizational can clearly define their organizational goals, the critical success factor (CSF) and the problem areas within the organization activity. This article is to discuss the importance of SISP and its relationship with organizational database deve lopment and implementation. Keywords Strategic Information System Planning, SISP, DBMS, CSF, EI Introduction A succeed organization will have proper SISP to drive the organization to achieve their business needs and business goals. For that, SISP is developing to make sure that all activities support organizations business plan and at the same time align with its business needs and business goals. SISP is also use to predict the organization future. Within SISP, organization can avoid from barrier that they predict in a long term planning. Rockart (1979) stated that top management firm doesnt not much interest to the relationship between information system function and corporate strategy. He also said information system is treated as some back-room operation in support of day-to-day operation in an organization. As referred to Lederer A. L ( 1996), strategic information system planning is one of the major issues because of it is often face the failure while implement it. Many applications recommended by strategic information system planning studies are often disregarded while many other applications are implemented. Strategic information system planning is important to an organization because it can influence an organization favorably, and is difficult to accomplish, it is a legitimate target for research. Factor affecting strategic information system planning include top management of IS that are IS managers and chief information officer (CIO) emphasize the importance of their relationship with the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). Those closer to the CEO have a better understanding of the CEOs expectations. It is good to have a good relationship between CIO and other business unit for obtaining understanding and support of current and potential clients. Lack of management commitment and the absence of the control mechanism necessary to ensure the success of the plans can impede its implementation. Strategic Information System Planning According to Lederer and Sethi (1988) in 1980s, the concept of strategic information system planning (SISP) evolved. They come with the two concept of SISP. The first one is SISP viewed as the process of identifying a portfolio of computer based applications that will assist an organization in achieving the business plan and at the same time achieve the business organization goals. Meanwhile the second one is SISP involved searching for application with a high impact and with the ability to create an advantage over competitors to gain competitive advantage. Based on the theory of SISP, it can be define that the process of identifying a portfolio of computer-based applications to be implemented aligned with the corporate strategy and has the ability to create an advantage over competitors. Organization goals is analyze by defining what exactly organization hope in order to accomplish the goals. After organization goals have been analyzed, then critical success factor will evaluated so that it will affect the organization goals and objective in long term. Critical success factor is the element that organization should know and must work in order to survive in the business environmental. And lastly, identify the problem areas which are the weaknesses that organization already have. SISP help organization in overall strategic planning process in effectively and efficiently. Rogerson and Fidler (1994), a study on satisfaction using SISP showed that most organization that used SISP in running their operation more satisfied with the planning process and outcome than those who did not implement specific SISP method. SISP participants include top business, functional area, and information system management. In an organization, the success of IS plan can be determined with the involvement and commitment of senior management. Involvement of senior management is very important to determine whether the success or failure of the project. Senior management was the backlog behind the success of the project. Within SISP also can be used to improve the communication between top management and users regarding IT. This actually gain top management commitment. Communication and commitment will also help in increasingly the visibility of IT in organization. The purpose of SISP is to ensure that the IT organization align with the strategic goals of organization. Alignment of IT organization and business goals has been used to control and ensure that business goals will achieve and all the operation included the IT and IS that used in running the organization will keep in track. As referred to Earl (1993) , SISP alignment will also help in identifying strategic applications, identifying new and higher payback applications, and developing an information architecture. Organizations also use the SISP to help in forecasting and allocating IT resources. With SISP, also can avoid loss of control of IS/IT in an organization. SISP is needed for the system to ensure the system that used in the organization integrated with other system or not. Without SISP in an organization, may lead to missed opportunity, duplicate system, incompatible system and wasted resources. Importance of Strategic Information System Planning The importance of SISP in an organization has been well documented within the IS literature. Within SISP, the integration of IS function within organization can be facilitate. Besides, SISP supports the identification of opportunities to use information systems for strategic purpose. SISP also ensures that adequate resources or the use of scarce resources are allocated to critical application and the use of resources in properly manner. With SISP, can ensures that the IS function support the organizational goals and objectives and also the activities at every level. Having a good strategic information system planning in organization, will determine whether the organization will success or failure. The reason why organization needs good strategic information system planning is that it can help organization to avoid misused of scarce resources. By planning, only projects that can generate good returns will get investors from the firm. A good planning is very important to avoid problem such as the misuse and wasted resources in form of system that nobody likes and used the system effectively. When a new system developed, pre-existing system can be used to communicate or interface properly and at the same time avoid the problem of Islands of automation. This can be happen if the organization has proper planning for their organization. Before develop a new system, planning is very important to make sure the smooth of business operation. First of all, the organization should identify their needs. Development of system should be a response to need whether at the transaction processing level or at the more complex information and support system levels. Priorities, objectives and authorization for information system projects need to be formalized first. The system development plan should identify the project resources that needed the procedures, and constraints for each application area. Planning should be flexible to adjust the priorities if necessary. Furthermore, to facilitate understanding of each application the plan must be specific enough. According to King, (King, 1995) in his article has argued that a strategic capability architecture mu st flexible and continuously improving infrastructure of organizational capabilities and at the same time gain companys sustainable competitive advantage. It is important to have SISP to maximize the benefits of changing technology and to take account of the different viewpoints of business professionals and IT professionals. System investments are made to support business objectives and also to gain inadequate infrastructure. SISP is important because it emphasizes the need to bring IT to bear on and sometimes influence strategic direction of the corporation is widely accepted by researchers. This is particularly true in contemporary environments where harnessing the power of technology resources could be critical for competitiveness. Relationship with Organizational Database Development Data are the raw material from which information is produced. Therefore, it is not surprising that in todays information-driven environment, data are a valuable asset that requires careful management. To access datas monetary value, data that stored in company database are data about customers, suppliers, inventory, and operations and so on. Imagine that all the data in the database loss. What will happen if the situation like that happen? Data loss puts any company in a difficult position. The company might be unable to handle daily operation effectively; it might be faced with the loss of customers who require quick and efficient service, and it might lose the opportunity to gain new customers. Data are a valuable resource that can translate into information. If the information is accurate and timely, it is likely to trigger action that enhance the companys competitive position and generate wealth. In effect, an organization is subject to a data information decision cycle; that is the data user applies intelligence to data to produce information that is the basis of knowledge used in decision making by the user. A critical success factor of an organization is efficient asset management. Critical success factor involve the management in an organization to know the current status of the organization in ICT. Based on the analysis of the business environment of the corporation, the critical success factors concerning the firm are identified. Critical success factor is refer to the limited number of area in which result, if satisfactory will ensure successful competitive performance for the organization. There are such area where things must go right for the business to flourish. Thus, the factor that are critical for accomplishing the objectives are identified at this stage. To manage data as a corporate asset, managers must understand the value of information that is processed data. Data are used by different people in different departments for different reasons. Therefore, data management must address the concept of shared data. Whatever the type of organization, the database predominant role is to support managerial decision making at all level in the organization. Thats why, SISP play a big role in organization. SISP is an important management function. It can help an organization use information technology (IT) more competitively, identify new, higher payback IT applications, and better forecast IT resources requirements. An organizations managerial structure might be divided into three levels which are top, middle and operational. Top level management makes strategic decisions; middle management makes tactical decisions and operational management make daily operational decisions. Operational decisions are short terms and affect only daily operations for example deciding to change the price of a product to clear it from inventory. Tactical decision involve a longer time frame and after larger scale operation; for example changing the price of a product in response to competitive pressures. Strategic decisions are those that affect the long term well-being of the company or even its survival; for example changing pricing strategy across product lines to capture market share. This shows that having a good SISP will lead the organization to achieve the goal and objective in short or long term in an organization. Database : Special Consideration The companys database is also known as the corporate or enterprise database. The enterprise database might be defined as the companys data representation that provides support for all present and expected future operations. Most of todays successful organization depends on the enterprise database to provide support for all of their operations from design to implementation to sales and services and from strategic planning to daily decision making. Having a computerized database management system does not guarantee that the data will be properly used to provide the best solution required by managers. A DBMS is just a tool for managing data and must be used effectively to produce the desired result. The introduction of a DBMS represents a big change and challenge. Throughout the organization, the DBMS is likely to have a profound impact, which might be positive or negative depending on how it administered. For example, one key consideration is adapting the DBMS to the organization rather than forcing the organization to adapt to the DBMS. The main issues should be the organizations needs rather than the DBMSs technical capabilities. However, the introduction of a DBMS cannot be accomplished without affecting the organization. The flood of new DBMS generated information has a profound effect on the way the organization functions and, therefore, on its corporate culture. The introduction of a DBMS into an organization requires careful planning to create an appropriate organizational structure to accommodate the person or people responsible for administering the DBMS. The organizational structure must also be subject to well developed monitoring and controlling functions. The administration personnel must have excellent interpersonal and communication skill combined with broad organizational and business understanding. Top management must be committed to the new system and must define and support the data administration functions, goals, and roles within the organization and that also the need of SISP in an organization. In the database development process, there have importance elements in order to develop the database. First, we need to identify the strategic planning factors. The strategic planning factors are in term of the goals of organization that want to achieve, the critical success factor and the problem areas in achieving the goals. In 80s and 90s, there has been a growing realization of the need to make information system of strategic information to an organization. In order to put the planning for strategic information system in perspective the evolution of information systems according to the three era model of John Ward, et al. (1990) is pertinent. According to this model, there are three distinct, albeit overlapping, eras of information system, dating back to the 60s. The relationship over time of the three eras of information system is shown in table 1: Data processing, management information system and strategic information system need to be planned and manage effectively and efficiently. Strategic information system needs to cater to the strategic demand of organization. For example, serving the business goals and creating competitive advantage as well as meeting their data processing and MIS needs. The key point is, as I just said before, organization need to have proper planning not only as tools for cutting cost but as means to adding value. Database Development and Implementation. For a company to succeed, its activities must be committed to its main objectives or mission. Therefore, regardless of a companys size, a critical step for any organization is to ensure that its information system supports is strategic plan for each of its business areas. The database administration strategy must not conflict with the information systems plans. After all, the information system plans are derived from a detailed analysis of the companys goal, its condition or situation and its business needs. Several methodologies are available to ensure the compatibility of data administration and information systems plans and to guide the strategic plan development. The most commonly used methodology is known as information engineering. Information engineering (IE) allows for the translation of the companys strategic goals into the data and application that will help the company achieve those goals. IE focuses on the description of the corporate data instead of the process. The IE rational is simple; business data type tends to remain fairly stable and do not change much during their existence. In contrast, processes change is often and thus require the frequent modification of existing system. By placing the emphasize on data, IE helps decrease the impact on systems when process change. The output of IE process is an Information system architecture (ISA) that serves as the basis for planning, development, and control of the future information system. Conclusion Linking IS to business goals is the heart of IS planning and without this link, the IS function will not have major relevance for the organization. Choosing the right planning methodology depends on the current use and spread of technology within the organization and the importance of the current systems. Resources available such as staff, skill, CASE tools, etc. will also impact this process. It appears that the use of more than one methodology should be recommended. While new technology can be advantageous, it can also pose severe problems if the right skills and expertise are not available to use it properly. The success of the overall information system strategy and therefore of the data administration strategy depends on the several critical success factors. Understanding the critical success factor help the database administration (DBA) develops a successful corporate data administration strategy. However, no matter how comprehensive the list of success factor is, it must be based on the notion that development and implementation of a successful data administration strategy are tightly integrated with the overall information system planning activity of the organization. References Lederer, A. L., Salmela, H. (1996). Towards a Theory of Strategic Information System Planning. Journal of Strategic Information System, 5, 237-253. Retrieved February 15, 2010 from: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/09638687/1996/00000005/00000003/art80005 Doherty, N. F., Marples, C. G., Suhaimi, A. (1999). The Relative Success of Alternative Approaches to Strategic Information System Planning: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Strategic Information System, 8, 263-283. Retrieved February 15, 2010 from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6VG3-3YSXDH0-4_user=10_coverDate=09%2F30%2F1999_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=search_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_searchStrId=1219085305_rerunOrigin=google_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=d2d5c8bc4cc3daab2e8918f7a7b8e62a Min, S. K., Suh, E. H., Kim, S. Y. (1999). An Integrated Approach Toward Strategic Information System Planning. Journal of Strategic Information System,8, 373-394. Retrieved February 15, 2010 from: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/09638687/1999/00000008/00000004/art00029 Cerpa, N., Verner, J. M. (1998). Case study: The effect of IS Maturity on Information System Strategic Planning. Information Management, 34, 199-208. Retrieved February 15, 2010 from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6VD0-3VKBF56-1_user=10_coverDate=11%2F02%2F1998_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=search_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_searchStrId=1219124246_rerunOrigin=google_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=eea5fca85d4848200f104d31c4556a53 Chi, L., Jones, K. G., Lederer, A. L., Li, P., Newkirk, H. E. Sethi, V. (2005). Environmental Assessment in Strategic Information System Planning. Internatioanal Journal of Information Management, 25, 253-269. Retrieved February 15, 2010 from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6VB4-4FJTP9R-2_user=10_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2005_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=search_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_searchStrId=1219134034_rerunOrigin=google_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=a68c3bd3f6483c65f80d756b65f6f890 Newkirk, H. E., Lederer, A. L. (2006). The Effectiveness of Strategic Information System Planning Under Environmental Uncertainty. Information Management, 43, 481-501. Retrieved February 15, 2010 from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6VD0-4J8D91T-2_user=10_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2006_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=search_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_searchStrId=1219339816_rerunOrigin=google_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=210513d2a4e3f847ba5201ca6050e807 Grover, V., Segars, A. H. (2005). An Empirical Evaluation of Stages of Strategic Information System Planning: Patterns of Process Design and Effectiveness. Information Management 42, 761-779. Retrieved February 15, 2010 from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6VD0-4DFBX2C-2_user=10_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2005_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=search_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_searchStrId=1219352700_rerunOrigin=google_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=fab4201d9ce3af6fe5493ae377f6dd42 Lederer, A. L., Vijay, S. (1992). Root Causes of Strategic Information System Planning Implementation Problems. Journal of Management Information System. 9 (1), 21-25. Retrieved February 16, 2010 from: http://proquest.umi.com.ezaccess.library.uitm.edu.my/pqdweb?index=15did=1175068SrchMode=1sid=1Fmt=3VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1266960324clientId=28403 Warr, A. A Study of the Relationship of Strategic IS Planning (SISP) Approaches, Objectives and Context with SISP Success in UK Organizations. Retrieved February 16, 2010 from: http://is2.lse.ac.uk/asp/aspecis/20050059.pdf Pant, S., Hsu, C. (1995). Strategic Information System Planning: A Review. Retrieved February 16, 2010 from: http://viu.eng.rpiscrews.us/publications/strpaper.pdf
Wednesday, November 13, 2019
GPS - Global Positioning System Essay -- physics global positioning sy
What is GPS? The Global Positioning System (GPS) was developed by the Department of Defense and consists of a group of 24 satellites which are monitored by five ground stations. It essentially allows you to pinpoint your location anywhere on the surface of the Earth, even in cloudy weather, with the use of a GPS receiver. The GPS receiver is a navigational device that uses these satellites as reference points to calculate your position on the ground. It does this by triangulating your position between at least 3 satellites. The GPS receiver uses the time it takes the coded radio signal to get from the satellite to the receiver to calculate the distance it is from that satellite. So, by accurately measuring the distance from the ground to these satellites, it can triangulate your position. GPS consists of 3 basic parts: 1. Control The control part is the central part of GPS. This is where the satellites are monitored and adjustments (atmospheric corrections, timing corrections, etc.) are made. There are 5 stations located worldide and each satellite passes over a monitoring station twice a day. 2. Space The space part is the NAVigation Satellite Timing And Ranging (NAVSTAR) group of satellites that bradcast the GPS signals. There are 24 satellites orbiting at about 20,200km above the Earth. They each make one revolution approximately every 12 hours. 3. User Consists of a user and a GPS receiver. The possible applications of GPS are limitless. Satellite Ranging GPS is based on satellite ranging. This technique of measurement is based on timing how long it takes a radio signal to travel from the satellite to the GPS receiver a... ...or short, consists of both satellites and ground based stations that supply correction information for your GPS receiver. This correction information can provide an improvement in positional accuracy of up to five times greater. It corrects for GPS signal errors caused by atmospheric disturbances, timing, and other errors. WAAS was developed by the FAA in order to help increase the accuracy of precision flight approaches. The corrected information is broadcast through two geostationary satellites that are located at a fixed location over the equator. Works Cited Trimble: http://www.trimble.com/gps/ The Aerospace Corporation: http://www.aero.org/publications/GPSPRIMER/index.html CMT: http://www.cmtinc.com/gpsbook/index.htm Garmin: http://www.garmin.com/aboutGPS/ GPS Mapping for GIS., 2001, Trimble Navigation Limited.
Monday, November 11, 2019
Opportunity of a Lifetime Essay
After reading this essay, one person may be added to the National Organ transplant waiting list. That one person can save or enhance more than 25 different peoples lives. The Donate Life Illinois is a group of agencies responsible for organ donations, education about organ donations and other helpful statistics to help people and save lives. The Donate Life Illinois group established that more than 6,500 people have died nationwide in the United States waiting for an organ transplant in 2011. An average of 18 people die each day waiting for an organ transplant (Organ & Tissue Donation Stats & Facts). Statistics can be overwhelming and confusing to understand, but one thing you can understand is that each number you read represents a person; a person that is waiting to be saved. This person can be a mom, a dad, a brother or a sister, someone important to someone else. Families try their best to try to help their loved ones search for organ donors. Not all patients are able to receive organs because the lack of organ donors. Through a simple two-step plan, which consists of educating more people about organ donations and changing the U.S from an opt-in system to an opt-in system, this could save those 18 lives lost each day. To start this two-step plan to fix the need for organ donors in the U.S is to educate the public about organ donations. Many Americans are not informed about this major issue of organ donations and or unaware of the lack of organ donors needed in our country. They may not realize that they can potentially become an organ donor themselves very easily. With the public becoming more educated, this will increase the number of donors and decrease the number of patients that pass away waiting for organ transplants. One major issue is the publics view about organ donations only occurring when they die. Organ donations are just as important for people that are living as well. For example, kidney transplants are in desperate need that a healthy living person can easily donate. In the essay â€Å"The Surgery Was Simple; the Process Is Another Story†by Virginia Postrel, she talked about her experience of being a living organ donor. She donated her kidney. She states, â€Å"A kidney don ation is a big deal to the recipient, but public perceptions exaggerate what’s involved for the donor†(Postrel, Virginia). The government should clearly explain how easily the procedure could be done. Kidney transplants require a few incisions just enough to get the kidney out. The recovery process is a couple days and you are the same person you were before. It’s not a life changing procedure. Deciding whether to donate is also another issue. She states, â€Å"Even relatively supportive transplant centers like mine make it easier to quit than to go through with it†(Postrel, Virginia). The government should promote organ donations. They should help the public understand that they could save many lives by donating. Organ donations are a very important in the U.S and the public needs to understand the importance of donating. The last part in the two-step plan to fix the need for organ donors in the U.S is to change the opt-in system to an opt-out system. The United States currently has an opt-in system, which individuals are asked to register their willingness to be a donor after their death . The opt-in system that our nation has currently is not very effective. â€Å"A 2005 Gallup poll revealed that more than half the population of the United States was willing to donate organs after death, but inefficiencies in the current system mean that even willing donors often end up not donating†(Carney, Scott). This is a sad statement that has been stated. This shows that there are people willing to donate but because of our system, its more difficult to pull through the procedure and unaware of how to become an organ donor. The government should come up with a solution to help these perfectly good donors willing to help others through an easier process such as an opt-out system. Donate Life America has a statistic that states, â€Å"90% of Americans say they support donation, but only 30% know the essential steps to take to become a donor†(Statistics). By having an opt-out system, it would make it easier for people to get involved with organ donations and it woul d increase the number of organ donors significantly. Instead of â€Å"100 million people that are organ donors in the U.S†(Organ & Tissue Donation Stats & Facts), we could double this number to 200 million people with more people being able to become organ donors. Some people oppose the opt-out system because they are worried about their relatives not knowing the need for an opt-out organ donor registration, a mandate will be in effect. The mandate will require the DMV and Hospitals to ask people if they want to be on the opt-out organ donor list. Most United States citizens have a driver’s license, which means they have to renew it every couple years so it is up to date. The government can then require people that are renewing their license to be informed about the opt-out system and then they can decide whether they want to be removed from the organ donation list or not. In Hospitals, the policy can consist of requiring the patients to sign a document while they are checking into the hospital stating that they understand the opt-out policy completely for organ donations and can state if they do not want to be removed from the organ donation list. If the patient doesn’t want to become an organ donor, they have the right to register as a non-organ donor. This mandate will potentially eliminate the donors family’s claim that they did not realize that the donor need to opt-out of the list to become an organ donor. Through this simple two-step plan, this policy can increase the number of organ donors on the United States, and it will decrease the number of deaths due to the lack of organ donors. With the public becoming more educated about organ donations, people will be less hesitant to go through the organ donation process. The United States government can influence people to go through with organ donations and change the U.S system from an opt-in system to an opt-out system. Changing the opt-in system to an opt-out system will increase organ donors significantly as well because it will be an easier way to establish if the person wants to become an organ donor or not. By these two simple plans to increase organ donations, those 18 lives lost each day will be reduced because of the people wanting to help each other and donate their organs to the people in desperate need of donors. Works cited Carney, Scott. â€Å"The Case for Mandatory Organ Donation.†Patterns for College Writing. 12th ed. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. Boston: Bedford, 2010. Pgs 614-617. Print. â€Å"Organ & Tissue Donationï€ Stats & Facts.†Donate Life Illinois. Gammon Group, 2011. Web. 10 Nov. 2012. . Postrel, Virginia. â€Å"The Surgery Was Simple; the Process Is Another Story.†Patterns for College Writing. 12th ed. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. Boston: Bedford, 2010. Pgs 625-627. Print. â€Å"Statistics.†Statistics | Donatelife.net. N.p., July 2012. Web. 10 Nov. 2012. .
Saturday, November 9, 2019
memento essays
memento essays Memento directed by Christopher Nolan, is quite the rabble-rouser. The concepts and ideas the film conveys to the movie watching audience are a welcome, fresh change from the recent stagnation that American Film has endured. Mr. Nolan built this film off a concept that had nothing in common with the all too familiar current movie templates directors have been following in hopes to create the next box office smash. Although sometimes the movie seemed to become disjointed with too many segments to follow at once, it was none the less still a welcome change from the ridiculously repetitive suspense films of late. Now try to follow along, because the road does get somewhat twisty. The film begins with what amounts to the end, with Leonard Shelby (Guy Pierce) executing a man named Teddy. A man we learn later on Leonard believes to be responsible for the rape and murder of his wife. But is Leonard (an ex insurance agent) even murdering the correct man? The Polaroid says He is the one, kill him. Lost you already? Here lets clarify. Ever since his wifes rape and murder (in which Leonard sustained a serious head injury) Mr. Shelby has been unable to make new memories as he puts it. He remembers everything before and during the incident clearly, but everything he tries to place in his memory banks since then seems to fade as quickly as sunlight at dusk. Being only able to hold onto new thoughts and experiences for a few minutes at the most, Shelby lives his life through a compulsively strict system of post-it-notes, tattooed facts on his body, and Polaroid photos to remember faces by. This system keeps him alive and functioning, but somewhat unable to avoid the deception that occurs around him. After the film opens with the final moments, it then does a leap backwards in time to the scene previous. These backward leaps continue and in each scene Leonard is unaware of the events previous, w ...
Wednesday, November 6, 2019
How to Sign Up for the ACT Tricks and Tips
How to Sign Up for the ACT Tricks and Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Registering for the ACT seems like a pretty straightforward part of the testing process. But the signup process is much more convoluted than you think, and some things matter a lot more than others. You also want to make sure to avoid important mistakes that can be costly. In this article, we’ll discuss step-by-step how to sign up for the ACT. In the half-hour long process, we’ll discuss which sections matter a lot, and which ones not at all. Finally, we’ll share helpful tips to choose the best location and save money. How to Register for the ACT Step 1: The first step is to log into your ACT account here.If you don't have an ACT account, you'll be asked to create one.Next, click on Register on the left. Step 2: The first section, â€Å"Your Personal Profile,†has only one important page. The rest is just information the ACT is collecting for research purposes and has zero impact on your score or college admissions. The important page is the first one: â€Å"Your Information.†Make sure all of this information is accurate because this is what they’re using to track your tests. Step 3: Every other page in this section is irrelevant to your ACT score. The ACT is collecting this information from you for two purposes: 1) to conduct research about how different types of students perform on the ACT, 2) to give your information to colleges who can then send you spam mail based on your interests.Colleges will NOT be using this information as part of their admissions decisions – they’ll instead be reading your application. If you’re not sure yet which colleges you might want to apply to and want schools to contact you, then take the time to fill this out accurately. Otherwise, feel free to breeze through it and submit blank answers. This page and the following pages in this section aren't important. Step 4:The next major section is â€Å"Your Interest Inventory.†Much like the previous section, this is purely optional. The ACT uses this to try to recommend career choices for you, but few students really see this as helpful. Step 5: Next, we move to â€Å"Your Test Selection.†This is where your choices really start to matter.First, you have to agree to Terms and Conditions. These basically forbid you from cheating and sharing the questions and answers with others.Next, choose your test date and any other options you want. Step 6: The next page goes over the requirements of the photo of yourself you must upload in order to complete your registration.This photo will be used on test day for identification purposes. On this page are all the requirements the photo must meet, such as being a picture of only you, showing your full face, and having a plain background. You won't be uploading the photo just yet; instead you'll do that after you finish the registration process. You have to upload your photo by the photo deadline (eight days before your test date) or your registration will be canceled. Step 7:Next, the ACT asks for the high school courses you’ve taken, and then it asks you to enter grades for each course. The ACT says they’ll send your colleges the GPA with your score report. Note that most colleges don’t actually take this as your record – they’d much rather use your transcript directly. But you might as well take the time to take this seriously, lest the college wonders why your ACT reported GPA differs so much from your transcript. Step 8: Next, you’ll have a chance to add Score Report choices. At this point, you get the ability to send four free score reports to colleges of your choice. This is a $48 value for free! If you know which schools you’re applying to, I recommend that you fill this out as it can be a major cost savings (read here for more about why). If you’re worried that your college will see an unfavorable score, realize that they actually don’t really care how many times you took the test – they just care about your highest score. Step 9: Next, you’ll have the ability to fill out Future Plans (this isn’t important and is just given to colleges to try to match your interests). Step 10:Finally, you get to choose your Test Center. At this point, I heavily recommend that you search by ZIP code. This will show you the test centers closest to you, and the best location to take your test might not be your high school. If you search by ZIP code, you get to see all the available test centers near you. If you're registering right now, I recommend you read our guide to the best ACT test locations. This will help you make sure you're maximizing your chance at a great score. Don't forget to upload your registration photo when you're done, and that’s the whole process! Now you know which parts really matter and which don’t. Tips for Signing Up for the ACT Now that you know how to sign up for ACT tests, here are some important tips: Choose the best location. This isn’t an automatic decision – many students take it at their high school, but this might not be the best location! Read this guide for more. Register early, well before the deadline. Put a note on your calendar to register at least six weeks before your test date. If you don’t do this in time, you’ll be subject to fees, or worse, you won’t be able to take your exam at all. Apply for a fee waiver if you qualify. Read here for more details. What's Next? Now that you know how to register, you should know WHEN to register. Read our guide to the best ACT test dates. How high of an ACT score do you need? What's a good ACT score? Click here to find out. Want to improve by 4 points or more on the ACT? Get our free must-read guide to the top tips you need to use to improve your ACT score:
Monday, November 4, 2019
Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the Case Management of Term Paper
Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the Case Management of Hispanics - Term Paper Example This topic is being considered in the hope of establishing a clear understanding of the applicability of complementary and alternative medicine in the management of illnesses among the Hispanic population. Concept Complementary and alternative medicine is defined by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2011) as a diverse and varied medical and health systems and practices which are not normally considered part of conventional or standard medical practice. It is not as widely accepted as conventional medicine, but some of its applications have already been accepted as effective treatments and have therefore formed part of generally applied medicine. Complementary medicine is medicine which is included and used together with conventional medicine (NCCAM, 2011). Alternative medicine, on the other hand is used in place of conventional medicine; in most instances, as the sole treatment, without integration of conventional medicine techniques. CAM includes a wide range of ancient and new-age techniques which claim to treat and to prevent the onset of illness (Barnes, et.al., 2008). In the strictest sense, CAM is not a part of conventional medicine because there is still inadequate proof for its safe and effective use in healthcare. As a result, judgment for the use of these techniques is largely based on discretion and evidence-based support. In general, individuals utilizing CAM are finding ways to improve their overall physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual well-being (Astin, et.al., 2000). Moreover, they often turn to CAM to seek relief from a terminal or chronic illness or from the side-effects of their conventional treatment. Furthermore, they consider CAM as a means of establishing a holistic and transformative management of their body and all its issues (Institute of Medicine, 2005). CAM practitioners often attempt to treat not only the physical chemical symptoms of the disease, but also the psychological, emotional, and mental i mpact of the illness. Most patients availing of this treatment consider it as a means of complementing their conventional medicine management; seldom is it used as an alternative form of treatment (Barnes, et.al., 2008). Based on a National Health Interview survey (2002), about a third of adults use atleast one form of CAM. Usual CAM therapies include non-mineral natural products, meditation, yoga, massage, deep-breathing exercises, and diet-based therapies (Barnes, et.al., 2002). In the past, CAM has often been used to relieve back aches, headaches, chest colds, neck pain, joint stiffness, and anxiety. Although much less common, the use of these forms of treatment has also been prevalent in the management of symptoms for cancer, lung diseases, and cardiovascular infection (Mao, et.al., 2007). Its use has also been common among women and among adults with higher educational qualifications, including adults who have been suffering from one or two health issues requiring multiple medi cal consults in a year (Nahin, et.al., 2007). CAM techniques are often categorized into different classifications. One of its categories includes natural products. These natural produces are popularly known as herbal medicines, vitamins, minerals, and other dietary supplements (NCCAM, 2011). Probiotics or
Saturday, November 2, 2019
A book that you did not like at first then appreciate Essay
A book that you did not like at first then appreciate - Essay Example As part of British Literature class, all students had to read Wilde’s book during the summer session. I had essentially developed a negative attitude towards the book after reading the preface, which criticizes the book as being immoral. The preface also concisely sets forth the beliefs of Wilde’s philosophy of art, which is devoted to the aestheticism school of thought. However, I had to read the book because it as recommended by the school for the summer holiday. The book was meant to make use learn a life lesson; it was also an assignment from school because despite bringing out the character of Dorian the book was meant to help use in English learning as it portrayed, different themes and styles of writing. The book is based on Dorian Gray, who, is the subject of a lengthy portrait by Basil Hallward. Basil Hallward is impressed and infatuated with the beauty of Dorian that he thinks that he is accountable for the new mode in his art as a painter. After meeting Lord Henry Wotton, Dorian is enthralled by the noble debauched worldview, where he thinks that sensual fulfillment and beauty are the only things that a person should pursue in life. Because Dorian knows, that beauty will fade with time he resolves to sell his soul to ensure that only his picture will age and not him. Basil grants Dorian his wish, and he pursues all the worldly pleasure by doing different immoral things. He does not age even a single day, but his portrait records all his soul-corrupting sin. In the first instance, when he decides to go and view his picture he finds that the picture bears a subtle smirk of cruelty. The smirk of cruelty appears in the picture after his heartbreaks Sibyl a girl she falls in love with after she sees her perform in the theatre. Dorian pursues his worldly pleasures, but realizes that they are not doing him any good and goes to reconcile
Thursday, October 31, 2019
Revenues in sports industry Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Revenues in sports industry - Term Paper Example Consulting company A.T. Kearney states that the sports industry in global scale is prospering, and today the industry is worth about 500-600 USD bn. (which includes sports events like simple games, national competitions, Olympiads etc., infrastructure and constructions, sports products and goods) (Collignon, Sultan, and Santander). Dynamics of sports industry revenues in global scale shows the overall growth of revenues for the past 9 years (table 1): expected revenue in 2014 is 36% more than it was in 2006 ("Changing the game. Outlook for the global sports market to 2015"). The constituents of Revenues are Gate revenues, Media rights, Sponsorships, and Merchandising ("Changing the game. Outlook for the global sports market to 2015") (table 2). According to the structure of revenues, the biggest portion of the total revenues belonged to Gate revenues (34% in 2006). The situation changed in 2014, when Sponsorship took the leading position (31%, which is 1% more than Gate revenues that year). The change of the structure shows that the representatives of other industries use sports industry to win new markets, gain new customers, increase their own rating among competitors and increase profits.Jonathan Jensen and Anne Hsu prove this with their research, which says that "net income at these firms (sponsors) grew faster than at S&P 500 firms in general (7.8% to 6.5% per year)" and "the top 16 (companies), which spent on average $160m a year on sponsorship, saw net income grow by 22.1% annually".
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
Piaget Theory of Children Cognitive Development Essay Example for Free
Piaget Theory of Children Cognitive Development Essay Much of the research since the late 1950s on the development of role taking and moral judgments has its roots in the research conducted by Piaget in the 1920s. One thrust of Piagets theorizing in his earliest writings dealt with the proposition that children progress from an egocentric to a perspectivistic state. He proposed that children younger than 6 or 7 years of age do not clearly differentiate between self and others or between thoughts (the psychological) and external events. A consequence of the failure to differentiate the self from others is that the child is unable to take the perspective of another person. For instance, in communicating with others the child is unable to take into account the requirements of the listener. A consequence of the failure to differentiate thoughts from external events is that the child attributes an objective reality to internal mental events such as dreams. A major developmental transition was posited to occur when the child shifts from an egocentric state to one in which the self is differentiated from others and there is the ability to take anothers perspective. (Angela M. ODonnell, Alison King, 1999) However, the most extensive research in a social domain undertaken by Piaget during this early period dealt with childrens moral judgments. Those were also the only studies on moral development to be done by Piaget. Three specific aspects of Piagets moral development theory had a substantial influence on later research. One was the characterization of moral development as a process of differentiating moral from nonmoral judgments. The second was the proposed interrelations between general cognitive orientations and moral judgments. And the third was the proposed relations between changes in perspective-taking abilities and changes in moral judgments. (Jacques Montangero, Danielle Maurice-Naville, Angela Cornu-Wells, 1997). Piaget proposed that children progress through two moral judgment levels (following an early premoral phase), the first being labeled heteronomous (generally corresponding to ages 3 to 8 years) and the second labeled autonomous. In the heteronomous level, the child has unilateral respect for adults (regarded as authority) and morality is, therefore, based on conformity. The right or good is seen by the child as adherence to externally determined and fixed rules and commands. The young childs morality of conformity and unilateral respect becomes transformed into a morality of cooperation and mutual respect. The basis for the autonomous level is the emergence of concepts of reciprocity and equality. At this level, rules are viewed as products of mutual agreement, serving the aims of cooperation, and thus are regarded as changeable. (Gwen Bredendieck Fischer, 1999). In formulating the levels of heteronomy and autonomy, Piaget studied childrens judgments about several specific issues, including rules, punishment, intentionality, lying, stealing, and distributive justice. A brief description of the levels can be provided by considering some of the studies of childrens thinking about rules and about intentionality in situations involving property damage, deceit, and theft. The definitions of the moral levels were derived, in part, from the way Piaget had framed childrens general cognitive capacities. Two presumed characteristics regarding the increasing differentiations that occur with development were relevant. One proposed characteristic was the childs egocentricism, the failure to clearly distinguish the selfs perspective from that of others. A second relevant feature was the young childs failure to differentiate the physical world from social and mental phenomena; young children confuse the subjective and objective aspects of their experience. (Richard I. Evans, Eleanor Duckworth, 1973) According to Piaget, one concrete manifestation of young childrens inability to differentiate perspectives and to differentiate the physical from the social is their attitudes toward social rules. It was proposed that children at the heteronomous level view all social rules as absolute. The inability to take the perspective of others leads the child to assume that everyone adheres to the same rules. There is a failure to comprehend the possibility that rules may be relative to the social context or to an individuals perspective. In turn, there is an inability to clearly distinguish physical from social phenomena that leads to a confusion of social regularities with physical regularities, such that social rules are seen as fixed in much the same way as are physical regularities. For instance, Piaget maintained that children regard rules of games as unchangeable; they believe it would be wrong to modify the rules of a game even if they were changed by general consensus. (Harry Morgan, 1997) Another manifestation of the young childs cognitive confusions is that judgments of right and wrong are based on the material consequences of actions, rather than the actors intentions or motives. Piaget examined the relative importance that children attribute to intentions and consequences in situations involving material damage, lying, and stealing. Younger children, it was found, attribute greater importance, in judging culpability, to amount of damage (e. g. , breaking the 15 cups accidentally is worse than breaking one cup intentionally), whereas older children attribute more importance to the intentions of the actor. Similarly, younger children assess the wrongness of lying or stealing, not by the motives of the actor, but by their quantitative deviation from the truth or the amount stolen. In judgments about theft, for instance, children judging by consequences would say that stealing a larger amount to give to a very poor friend is worse than stealing a lesser amount for oneself. (R. Clarke Fowler, 1998). In contrast with the heteronomous level, at the autonomous level respect is no longer unilateral, rules are not viewed as absolute or fixed, and judgments are based on intentions. Piaget proposed that these changes are stimulated by the increasing interactions with peers (such as in school) and the decreasing orientation to relations with adult authority that usually occurs during late childhood. Relations with authorities (parents, teachers, etc. ), he maintained, are likely to lead to conformity and an attitude of unilateral respect on the part of the young child. That is, the child feels that the authorities are superior and that their dictates are right by virtue of their superior status. In order for the shift from a heteronomous to an autonomous orientation to occur the child must more clearly differentiate the self from others and, thereby, be able to take the perspective of others. Relations with adult authorities who impose external rules upon the child are likely to reinforce a heteronomous orientation, whereas relations with peers are more likely to stimulate attempts to take the perspectives of others. Therefore, through increasing interactions with those he or she can relate to on an equal footing, the child is stimulated to view his or her own perspective as one among many different perspectives. In the process, mutual respect replaces unilateral respect for authority and the bases of a sense of justice reciprocity, equality, and cooperation emerge. Rules are then regarded as social constructions, based on agreement, that serve functions shared by the participants of social interactions. The increasing awareness of others perspectives and subjective intentions leads to judgments that are based on intentionality rather than consequences. (John H. Flavell, 1963) In addition to the connections to general cognitive capacities, Piagets characterization of moral judgments was a global one in that development was defined as entailing a progressive differentiation of principles of justice (ought) from the habitual, customary, and conventional (is). In essence, the claim was that concepts of justice do not emerge until the autonomous stage. Thus, the heteronomous morality of constraint and unilateral respect is a morality of custom, convention and tradition, while autonomous morality of mutual respect and cooperation prevails over custom and convention. Prior to the development of concepts of justice, therefore, the child must progress through the simpler, conformity-based conventional orientation. In sum, Piaget proposed a model of development as the differentiation of domains of knowledge. Only at more advanced stages are moral judgments and knowledge of the social order (or even morality and physical law) distinguished. It is precisely on this basis that Piaget thought it was methodologically valid to examine childrens concepts of rules of marble games as a means to understanding their moral reasoning. (Christopher M. Kribs-Zaleta, DLynn Badshaw, 2003) Piagets professional career has been devoted to exploring the possibilities of a psychological theory of relativity. In this approach neither the subject, who knows, nor the object, which is known, have absolute status. Each is conditioned on the other within a continually changing framework. Change occurs through interchanges of actions and reactions. Actions of the subject are like probes equivalent to statements by which the subject says: I think you, the object, are such and such. When acted upon, objects act back, revealing who and what they are. Morton Ann Gernsbacher, Sharon J. Derry, 1998) Piagets contribution to the study of knowledge has been to escape the philosophic traps of subjectivity and objectivity. The former makes knowledge a self satisfying concoction where, for the sake of consistency, the subject creates concepts of objects and reality. This position tends toward error through failure to come to grips with the facts of reality. It puts the subject in control of deciding what reality is and, in the extreme, allows distortion for the sake of maintaining the subjects version of how things ought to be. Objectivity errs at the other end and, in its extreme, denies self-initiated definition, making the subject only a valid recorder of reality. Distortion can occur either through exposure to odd circumstances or through breakdowns in the subjects recording devices. The position of relativity seeks solution to both problems. Its clearest expression is found when both subject and object are given defining powers in their interactions. There is double agency, with the object telling what it is just as forcibly as the subject reveals itself through its actions. (Hans G. Furth, 1987) With interactions as the basic reality, the context of knowledge is dynamic. It is also the means to knowledge insofar as subject and object are able to extract orderly relations from their interactions. These relations among actions and reactions color definitions of both agents. They are the medium for knowing and provide the terms by which subject and object attain their forms. This is why, for example, Piaget argues that space, number, and the like, remain open to redefinition throughout development. Numbers are not things to be grasped but are products from relations abstracted from subject-object interactions. True relations become expressed through numbering operations, which coordinate actions of the subject as well as reactions of objects. It appears that Piagets approach is unique among contemporary psychological theories by its treatment of relations as the topic of knowledge. Relations are primary, with subject and object being their products. For other theorists, these terms are reversed; subject and object are posited and relations come secondarily. In Piagets scheme, neither subject nor object ever gets to know one another with certainty. Together they can work only toward relations that are reliable. Validity is always a relative matter, depending on current relations, which remain open to further redefinition. (Arthur J. Baroody, Alexis Benson, 2001) This point no doubt has stymied most attempts to bring Piagets work into the mainstream of psychological theories. It is like the essential key without which notes may sound similar but actually render a different song. The stumbling block is evident, for example, in the many ways phenomena originally generated by Piagets position have undergone alteration when considered from the view of more familiar theories. Conservation provides the most telling illustration. Few, if any, of these alternative explanations deal with or care to deal with the phenomenon as a conservation of a subject-object relation. The more common explanation states that number or amount is conceived as constant through physical changes in the object. Within Piagets framework, the physical changes are said to remain constant; they are understood as but two versions of a single relation. The relation is between number- or amount-making actions, with their products made ostensible in the reactions of cubes, chips, or clay. Leslie Smith, Julie Dockrell, Peter Tomlinson, 1997) There is a tendency among contemporary theorists to credit Piaget with having shown that children are cognitively active and control rather than being controlled by external objects or other persons. This emphasis has clouded the fact that objects and persons are not benign, simply waiting for children to transform them into this or that conception. In order to put relations in clear relief, it is helpful to give these things their proper due in knowledge. It helps even to anthropomorphize their role. Objects are as active as children. They move, change shape, enlarge in size, fall off tables, roll, and otherwise respond when they are contacted. Each reaction is reciprocal to something children do. In the case of conservation, to use an example often cited by Piaget, the child who plays with pebbles in his or her back yard may come to understand number making operations because the stones react as they do to his or her manipulations. That which remains constant in making a row, then a circle, then a tower, and next two columns is only the relation among these actions from the child and the several reactions of the pebbles. (Leonora M. Cohen, Younghee M. Kim, 1999). It is now possible to outline the meaning of relations in the social domain where knowledge is based on interactions between the child and other persons. The following sketch highlights the general points of the theory. (a) Children enter the world as actors, seeking order and regularity. This search describes their inherent motivation for knowledge. b) Children look for order first in their own actions by attempting to find that which is repeatable and reliable in execution of actions. (c) Insofar as actions make contact with other things, or persons, effects of actions are not solely under the control of the child. These things react in reciprocity to the actions exerted upon them and together the action and reaction produce effects that differ from those that would result from either alone. (d) This fact of double agency naturally widens childrens focus from action to interaction. Because other agents act in reciprocity to childrens actions, children are forced to seek explanations for change and order in the interplay between actors. The foregoing points can be summarized as follows. Suppose the child intends that an action have a particular outcome or effect. The child then executes the act in accordance with this intention. Suppose also that the act engages another person who adds to the original act with a reaction. The coupling of these actions may have an effect that is different from the childs intention or anticipation in performing the original act. It would be futile to seek order either in the childs or the other persons parts, alone. This is why for Piaget, the child is led to seek a solution in the coupling and arrives at the conclusion that the actions of persons are reciprocally related. This is also why Piaget contends that naive egocentrism ends most probably during the childs first year. To maintain an egocentric posture, a child would have to deny the facts of reciprocity made evident through the thousands of interactions experienced in everyday dealings with other persons. Joy A. Palmer, Liora Bresler, David E. Cooper, 2001) (e) Thereafter, the childs search for order turns to identifying the forms of reciprocal relations that occur in interpersonal interactions. (f) Piaget suggests that there are two such forms. One is a direct and symmetrical reciprocity where ones action is free to match or counter the others action. The second is a reciprocity of complement where ones action must conform to the dictates set down by the others action. g) These two forms describe the basic relations in which people order themselves as actors with respect to other persons, who are also actors. They provide the epistemic unit from which self and other achieve definition. (h) For Piaget, development proceeds as these relations are structured and restructured. They give rise to social and moral conceptions that pertain to the self, other persons, possible relations among persons, and principles of societal functioning, both practical as well as ideal. (Gavin Nobes, Chris Pawson, 2003)
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